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# Scientific-Professional Society for Disasaster Risk Management

## Sitemaps
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## Posts
- [Beyond Platform Type: Effects of Vegetation Density, Sensor Modality, and Search Strategy on Aerial Search and Rescue Performance](https://spsdrm.org/beyond-platform-type-effects-of-vegetation-density-sensor-modality-and-search-strategy-on-aerial-search-and-rescue-performance/): Timely detection of missing persons is critical for successful Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, especially under challenging environmental conditions. Modern SAR efforts utilize both manned helicopters and unmanned aerial systems (UAS), often equipped with electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) sensors, while helicopters may also employ visual observers. Despite their widespread use, limited empirical data exists on how these platforms, sensor types, and search techniques perform across varying terrain and vegetation densities. To our knowledge, no prior field study has jointly examined how platform type, sensor modality, search strategy, and vegetation density affect detection performance in realistic SAR conditions. This study presents results from the SAVIOUR 2024 quasi-experimental field experiment, conducted during a large-scale SAR exercise in Rogaland, Norway. Twelve professional SAR aircrews (six helicopters, six UAS teams) conducted 48 search sorties across sectors with low, medium, and high vegetation density, targeting 251 human subjects. Key metrics were Probability of Detection (POD) and Time to Detection. Both platforms achieved high detection rates (mean POD >83%), with 54% of sorties reaching 100% POD. Vegetation density was the strongest predictor of POD, with reduced performance in high-density forest (helicopters: 71.4%, UAS: 73.3%). Platform type was not a significant predictor of POD when controlling for vegetation density; in contrast, vegetation density and sensor modality seemed to have stronger effects on detection performance. Helicopters detected targets faster, likely due to initial sweep strategies. UAS teams favored systematic detailed searches, resulting in longer detection intervals. Sensor-based searches outperformed visual-only methods, though visual-only data were limited. As an operational implication, we suggest that coordinated, vertically separated operations - helicopters at high altitude and UAS at low altitude - may enhance efficiency through concurrent coverage. However, this coordination model was not directly tested as an intervention and should be validated in future studies. These findings offer guidance for integrated SAR practices and highlight future research needs, including AI-assisted detection and performance evaluation under diverse thermal and geographical conditions.
- [Administrative Risks and Logistics Supply Challenges in Gaza Shelter Centers During the 2023–2026 Conflict](https://spsdrm.org/administrative-risks-and-logistics-supply-challenges-in-gaza-shelter-centers-during-the-2023-2026-conflict/): This study analyzed the administrative risks and challenges facing logistics operations and coordination at shelter centers in the Gaza Strip. The study sample consisted of 18 participants from various fields related to logistics supply. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the responses were analyzed based on frequency distributions and response consistency. The findings revealed significant logistical risks, primarily due to inaccurate data, the lack of pre-prepared plans, and a shortage of trained staff. The results also showed a disparity in coordination roles, with UN agencies leading at 60%, the government exceeding 30%, and NGOs accounting for less than 10%, alongside weak institutional synergy between local and international entities. The study recommends developing risk-based administrative plans, establishing centralized joint operations rooms, and enhancing human and technical capacities. Furthermore, It emphasizes strengthening cooperation among governmental and international entities through comprehensive strategies tailored to the Gaza Strip’s unique context as a conflict zone.
- [Assessing Local Disaster Governance in Coastal Bangladesh: Comparing Institutional and Community Perspectives on Disaster Management Committees](https://spsdrm.org/assessing-local-disaster-governance-in-coastal-bangladesh-comparing-institutional-and-community-perspectives-on-disaster-management-committees/): Despite substantial investments in decentralized disaster governance, Bangladesh’s coastal regions remain highly vulnerable to climate-induced hazards. Disaster Management Committees (DMCs) were established to enhance local preparedness, response, and recovery through participatory governance. However, empirical evidence on their effectiveness at the community level remains limited. This study examines the institutional capacity, operational effectiveness, and governance legitimacy of DMCs in two disaster-prone coastal upazilas: Dumki and Kalapara of Patuakhali District. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining a community survey (N = 100) with key informant interviews (N = 30). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and four composite indices were constructed: Community Awareness Index (CAI), Community Satisfaction Index (CSI), Institutional Capacity Index (ICI), and Operational Effectiveness Index (OEI). Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to contextualize institutional practices and explain the gap between institutional claims and community experience. The findings reveal a pronounced disconnect between institutional self-assessment and community-level perceptions. Community awareness of DMCs was very low (CAI = 0.07), and community satisfaction with DMC performance was also very low (CSI = 0.04), indicating limited public engagement and weak service visibility. In contrast, DMC members reported very high institutional capacity (ICI = 0.95) and ceiling-level operational effectiveness (OEI = 1.00), suggesting a substantial mismatch between institutional perceptions and community realities. Union-wise differences in awareness and satisfaction were limited and not statistically significant. Firth penalized logistic regression likewise did not identify any statistically significant predictor of community satisfaction, indicating that dissatisfaction was broad-based rather than confined to specific respondent groups or locations. Overall, the results suggest that decentralization alone is insufficient to ensure participatory and effective disaster governance without accountability, transparency, and sustained community engagement. The study highlights the importance of community-validated performance measures and stronger accountability mechanisms for improving local disaster risk governance in climate-vulnerable settings.
- [Insurance as a Model for Protecting the Economic System from Natural Disasters](https://spsdrm.org/insurance-as-a-model-for-protecting-the-economic-system-from-natural-disasters/): Natural disasters increasingly generate serious economic consequences, including direct property losses, disruption of production and trade flows, increased public expenditure, and pressure on state budgets. In this context, insurance represents an important instrument of disaster risk financing and economic system protection. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of insurance as a model for protecting the economic system from the consequences of natural disasters, with particular reference to the Republic of Serbia. The paper applies normative legal analysis, theoretical analysis, comparative analysis, and secondary data analysis. Special attention is given to the relationship between voluntary and compulsory insurance, public-private partnership models, catastrophe insurance pools, and the role of the state in disaster risk financing. The findings indicate that an effective insurance system can reduce the financial burden on the state, accelerate post-disaster recovery, and strengthen the resilience of households, businesses, and the wider economic system. However, in Serbia, the development of such a model requires stronger institutional support, improved insurance culture, subsidized premiums for vulnerable groups, reliable hazard data, and a clearer division of responsibilities between the state, insurers, and insured entities. The paper concludes that a combined public-private model of disaster insurance would be the most appropriate direction for strengthening economic resilience to natural disasters in Serbia.
- [Assessing Disaster Risk and Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Agriculture: Evidence from Chandradip Union of Bauphal Upazila, Bangladesh](https://spsdrm.org/assessing-disaster-risk-and-adaptation-strategies-in-coastal-agriculture-evidence-from-chandradip-union-of-bauphal-upazila-bangladesh/): The coastal zone of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, which significantly affect agricultural production and livelihoods. Agriculture is the primary livelihood for most coastal communities. Patuakhali is a coastal district of Bangladesh, and Bauphal Upazila is one of its most agriculturally dependent areas. Therefore, this study was conducted in Chandradip Union of Bauphal Upazila to assess disaster risks in the agricultural sector. The main objective of the study was to identify and assess natural disaster risks in agriculture through hazard, vulnerability, and capacity assessments, and to explore suitable adaptation strategies for enhancing disaster resilience. Both primary and secondary data were used in this research. A total of 100 households were randomly selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. In addition, five Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and five Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted. Field observations and relevant secondary data sources were also utilized. The findings reveal that riverbank erosion (1.043), storm surge (0.942), and cyclone (0.934) are the most significant disaster risks affecting the agricultural sector due to their high hazard intensity, high vulnerability, and low coping capacity. The study further identifies that alternative livelihood options (27%), loans and subsidies (25%), and short-duration rice cultivation (24%) are the most commonly recommended adaptation strategies by the farming community. These are followed by embankment construction (22%) and farm mechanization (2%). The study highlights the need for integrated risk management and strengthened adaptive capacity to enhance agricultural resilience in coastal Bangladesh. This study provided empirical evidence, based primarily on data, on how vulnerability is reduced through an adaptation strategy. The results of this study will help people in coastal communities reduce their vulnerability. This study can assist policymakers and donor agencies in developing policies and funding different development projects in Bangladesh's rural coastal community.
- [Beyond the Floodwaters: Unraveling the Deep-Rooted Causes of Educational Exclusion in Haor Communities in Bangladesh](https://spsdrm.org/beyond-the-floodwaters-unraveling-the-deep-rooted-causes-of-educational-exclusion-in-haor-communities-in-bangladesh/): Primary school dropout is an urgent issue in the Haor regions of Bangladesh due to recurrent flooding and socio-economic barriers, leading to educational exclusion. The study aims to highlight the main causes of dropout in Haor villages of Ajmiriganj Upazila, Habiganj District. While progress has been made in providing access to basic education, dropout rates are very high in Haor regions, indicating that structural barriers to basic education are more serious than environmental ones. The study is guided by a theoretical framework that encompasses comprehensive theoretical inputs, such as Social Reproduction Theory and Human Capital Theory. The study adopted a primarily descriptive qualitative research design. Interviews, FGDs, audio recordings, and observations of 350 people (students, guardians, teachers, and school management committee members) in five unions were conducted to gather data. Secondary sources were books, journal articles, official publications, and reputable websites. The results show that the low employment opportunities for guardians, lack of qualified teachers, environmental vulnerability, and early marriage, particularly among girls, are the key factors that lead to school dropouts. Its key policy and practice implications include improving household livelihoods, upgrading school facilities, strengthening teacher recruitment, and holding community-based awareness sessions to reduce the early marriage rate. These are essential strategies to support educational resilience and inclusive development in the Haor regions of Bangladesh.
- [Policy, Risk and Innovation: A Mixed-Methods Framework for Using AI to Foster Inclusion in Marginalized Communities in Bangladesh](https://spsdrm.org/policy-risk-and-innovation-a-mixed-methods-framework-for-using-ai-to-foster-inclusion-in-marginalized-communities-in-bangladesh/): This study examines how the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and the implementation of policies shape inclusive educational outcomes for marginalized learners in Bangladesh, using evidence from Sherpur Sadar Upazilla. A convergent mixed-methods design integrated a student survey (N = 213; seven institutions; March–September 2024) with qualitative data from 37 stakeholders (teachers and policymakers) collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative findings show that AI tool adoption was the strongest predictor of a composite educational outcome score (β = 0.38, p < 0.001), followed by institutional support (β = 0.25, p = 0.01). In contrast, the policy implementation gap—defined as the mismatch between policy intent and on-the-ground delivery—was negatively associated with outcomes (β = −0.12, p = 0.04). Digital infrastructure quality was positively associated with the outcome but was not statistically significant in the multivariable model (β = 0.17, p = 0.12). The model demonstrated strong explanatory power (R² = 0.67; F(4, 208) = 42.3; p < 0.001). Disparity analyses revealed persistent urban–rural inequities in reliable internet access (94.6% vs. 69.7%) and device readiness, with tablet access emerging as a key enabler of advanced AI-supported learning. Qualitative results corroborated three binding constraints: limited teacher AI preparedness, affordability barriers, and trust concerns related to privacy and algorithmic bias. Building on these findings, the paper proposes a policy–innovation framework centered on localized AI toolkits, sustained teacher upskilling, device-access interventions, and enforceable fairness and transparency safeguards to advance equitable learning opportunities. Authors Ritesh Karmaker Dept. of English, Nizam Uddin Ahmed Model College, Mymensingh, Sherpur-2100, Bangladesh Author Vladimir M. Cvetković Department of Disaster Management and Environmental Security, Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade, Gospodara Vučića 50, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia , Scientific-Professional Society for Disaster Risk Management, Dimitrija Tucovića 121, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia , Safety and Disaster Studies, Department of Environmental and Energy Process Engineering, Technical University of Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria , ProSafeNet, Global Hub For Safety, Security, Risk & Emergency Professionals & Scientists, Belgrade, Serbia Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-0658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.66050/scv48268 Keywords: hazards, artificial intelligence, government policies, marginalized communities, Bangladesh, inclusive education https://internationaljournalofdisasterriskmanagement.com/index.php/Vol1/article/view/237
- [Recurrent Urban Flooding in Nairobi City: A Systematic Review of Environmental Determinants, Public Health Impacts and Policy Gaps](https://spsdrm.org/recurrent-urban-flooding-in-nairobi-city-a-systematic-review-of-environmental-determinants-public-health-impacts-and-policy-gaps/): Nairobi has experienced recurrent and increasingly severe urban flooding over the past two decades. The April–May 2024 floods claimed between 267 and 294 lives and displaced approximately 380,000 people across Kenya, while the March 2026 flash floods — triggered by 112mm of rainfall within 24 hours — killed at least 66 people nationally and caused an estimated USD 300 million in infrastructure damage. These events reflect a systemic failure of intersecting environmental, structural, and governance determinants. This narrative systematic review (PRISMA 2020-adapted; final search: 31 March 2026) synthesizes evidence on the environmental determinants, public health burden, and governance gaps driving Nairobi's recurring floods. Searches across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, WHO IRIS, ReliefWeb, and national government portals identified 443 records, of which 68 sources met inclusion criteria across three evidence tiers. Five interconnected environmental determinants were identified: rapid unplanned urbanisation with significant green space loss; illegal encroachment on riparian reserves in violation of Kenya's 60-metre buffer zone mandate; ageing drainage infrastructure; intensifying bimodal rainfall amplified by climate change and El Niño; and upstream land degradation reducing catchment retention. Public health consequences include direct mortality, mass displacement, cholera and diarrhoeal disease outbreaks, vector-borne disease resurgence, and significant mental health burden, all disproportionately affecting informal settlement residents. Persistent governance gaps in land-use enforcement, flood risk assessment, inter-agency coordination, and community inclusion perpetuate this vulnerability. Lastly, 19 evidence-grounded recommendations are proposed across environmental, public health, and governance domains. Recurrent urban flooding in Nairobi is a preventable public health emergency amenable to structural intervention, with findings applicable to urban flood risk management across sub-Saharan African cities facing comparable intersections of rapid urbanisation, governance failure, and climate-change exposure.
- [Structural Vulnerability Assessment of Residential Buildings to Windstorm Hazard with Impact Analysis on Forest Stands: A Case Study from Vojvodina, Serbia](https://spsdrm.org/structural-vulnerability-assessment-of-residential-buildings-to-windstorm-hazard-with-impact-analysis-on-forest-stands-a-case-study-from-vojvodina-serbia/): This study presents an indicator-based methodology for assessing the structural vulnerability of individual residential buildings to windstorm hazard. The methodology is based on the Household Sector Approach: CIMDEN 2001 procedure, with parameters adapted to assess the vulnerability of an individual house to windstorm events. In the case of a windstorm event, the structural vulnerability of a house is analyzed through five parameters with assigned weights: roof type, roof construction, roof sides, roof material, number of floors, and doors and windows on non-roof sides. The further classification into low, medium, and high classes is based on construction material and building type, recognizing that some are more vulnerable than others. The material classification is based on the analysis of historical windstorm event outcomes and on material and building types used in specific regions of interest (in this work, Vojvodina, an autonomous province in Serbia). The material and building types in this region are similar across the whole Pannonian Basin. During the development of this methodology, the authors also incorporated the indigenous knowledge and experience of structural damage consequences from two recent supercell storm events on 19 and 21 July 2023. that heavily hit the Novi Sad metropolitan area and caused disruption and destruction of forest areas near the Danube River, power lines, and roofs on schools, individual houses, residential buildings, and companies. The methodology was applied to 50 houses in Bačka Palanka and 11 houses in Begeč, both of which were affected by severe supercell windstorms on 19 and 21 July 2023. Building attributes were derived from Google Street View imagery (2014) and field survey (2026). The resulting vulnerability assessment enabled spatial visualization and comparative assessment in a GIS environment. Buildings with lightweight roof structures, unsealed edges, and multiple openings exhibited higher vulnerability scores, whereas massive masonry structures with sealed roof systems showed greater resistance. Direct windstorm impacts on adjacent riparian forest stands were assessed using Sentinel-2 NDVI change detection, identifying 173.87 ha of severe canopy loss. Beyond immediate damage, the study outlines potential cascading socioecological effects in which household recovery needs may increase pressure on forest ecosystem services.
- [Fire Protection of Religious Buildings in Serbia: Challenges, Risks, and Improvement Measures](https://spsdrm.org/fire-protection-of-religious-buildings-in-serbia-challenges-risks-and-improvement-measures/): Religious buildings in the Republic of Serbia, particularly Orthodox churches and monasteries, represent a significant component of the nation’s spiritual, cultural, and historical heritage; however, they remain highly susceptible to fire hazards. This study evaluates the current state of fire protection in these structures, with particular attention to risks associated with architectural features, liturgical practices, age, cultural significance, and institutional protection frameworks. The analysis draws upon scientific and professional literature, relevant normative and institutional frameworks, and documented fire incidents in religious buildings. The results demonstrate that fire protection remains fragmented and insufficiently integrated, with technical measures frequently addressed in isolation from legal, organizational, cultural, and financial considerations. Key challenges include outdated electrical systems, the use of open flames during rituals, limited financial resources, inadequate technical documentation, and constraints imposed by cultural heritage protection. The study contends that effective fire protection for religious buildings necessitates a comprehensive, context-sensitive approach that incorporates preventive technical systems, risk assessment, legal compliance, institutional collaboration, and education for clergy and users. This research contributes to the field by emphasizing the need for a systematic, proactive fire risk management framework for religious buildings in Serbia to safeguard both human safety and cultural heritage.
- [A Comprehensive Assessment of Mining Accident Severity Using Machine Learning Methods](https://spsdrm.org/a-comprehensive-assessment-of-mining-accident-severity-using-machine-learning-methods/): The mining sector is recognized as one of the riskiest in the world. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing accident severity. In this study, eight machine learning (ML) methods were systematically evaluated, among which Gradient Boosting and Random Forest emerged as the top-performing models. These ensemble models demonstrated consistently high performance across multiple evaluation metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, and ROC AUC), highlighting their robustness and reliability in distinguishing between fatal and non-fatal accident outcomes. Across both impurity-based (Gini importance) and robust model-agnostic (SHAP) frameworks, Risk Taking, Age, and Experience emerge as the most influential predictors. Social engagement metrics vary in importance, collectively suggesting that social support systems may play a meaningful role in moderating the severity of accidents. These findings substantiate the utility of machine learning not only for accurate outcome classification but also for elucidating the multifaceted drivers of accident severity, thereby informing targeted intervention and prevention strategies.
- [Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptive Strategies Assessment of Farmers Living in Rajapur Municipality, Bardiya, Nepal](https://spsdrm.org/livelihood-vulnerability-and-adaptive-strategies-assessment-of-farmers-living-in-rajapur-municipality-bardiya-nepal/): Authors Prajun Chapagain School of Environmental Science and Management (SchEMS), Pokhara University Devkota Sadak, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Author https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5648-5732 Ram Asheshwar Mandal School of Environmental Science and Management (SchEMS), Pokhara University Devkota Sadak, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Author Ajay Bhakta Mathema School of Environmental Science and Management (SchEMS), Pokhara University Devkota Sadak, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Author Sudip Pandey Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering Program, Institute of Applied Sciences, Madan Bhandari University of Science and Technology, Chitlang, Thaha Municipality-9, Bagmati Province, Nepal Author Sewak Bhatta Laval University, Quebec Province, Canada Author https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0474-5134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.66050/hk586293 Keywords: climate change, flood hazard, vulnerability, adaptation, farmer’s livelihoods Abstract Floods in the Terai region of Nepal cause substantial damage to property, increasing household indebtedness, disrupt sustainable livelihoods, and trigger migration. Despite the growing frequency and severity of floods, flood vulnerability remains under-researched. This study assesses local climatic trends, livelihood vulnerability, and adaptation strategies among farmers in Wards 1, 3, 4, and 7 of Rajapur Municipality. Specifically, it analyzes local climate trends to determine hazard exposure and assesses the livelihood vulnerability of small, medium, and large farmers using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and LVI-IPCC frameworks. The study also evaluates the effectiveness of adaptation strategies adopted by these farmer groups in responding to climate-related hazards. It had combined 30 years of climate data with empirical evidence from 160 households, four focus group discussions, and five key informant interviews. Results indicated an average annual temperature increase of 0.0084 °C, with seasonally consistent warming trends, except during the post-monsoon period. Annual average rainfall increased by 8.318 mm annually, while seasonal patterns revealed declining winter and post-monsoon precipitation and rising pre-monsoon and monsoon rainfall. The data confirmed that the small farmers have the highest levels of vulnerability, followed by medium and large-scale farmers. Adaptation strategies identified as effective included early warning systems, flood shelters, raised tubewells, capacity-building programs, social networks, and river embankments. This finding contributed to a deeper understanding of flood-related livelihood vulnerabilities and adaptive responses in the region, providing evidence-based guidance for interventions and risk-reduction planning.
- [Operational Capabilities in Disaster Emergency Management of Bureau of Fire Protection Personnel in Camarines Norte, Philippines](https://spsdrm.org/operational-capabilities-in-disaster-emergency-management-of-bureau-of-fire-protection-personnel-in-camarines-norte-philippines/): This study assessed the operational capabilities of Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) personnel in disaster emergency management in the Province of Camarines Norte, Philippines. Preliminary observations and institutional reports indicated several operational constraints that potentially affect the effectiveness of disaster response in the province. Among the most pressing concerns are the limited number of personnel assigned to several municipal fire stations, uneven manpower distribution across municipalities, constraints in the availability and readiness of firefighting and rescue equipment, and the irregular conduct of specialized disaster response and Incident Command System (ICS) trainings. The study assessed the operational capabilities of the Bureau of Fire Protection personnel in Camarines Norte for Disaster Emergency Management from 2024 to 2025. The study determined the profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, length of service, and relevant training attended. Also, in terms of operational capabilities in disaster emergency management, it focused only on resource planning, organizational management, responsiveness, and information dissemination, which was crucial to personnel in terms of their level of knowledge at every level, using the researcher’s structured research instrument. The method of data collection was an online survey to gather primary data from the selected respondents. The study was limited only to those personnel who had completed the different levels of the Incident Command System, wherein out of 207 personnel, only 82 had training on the different levels across the twelve municipalities of the province, to gather the needed information during the collection of the data in the form of a questionnaire. The study utilized a descriptive survey research design and employed a pre-tested questionnaire to collect primary data. A total of 82 BFP personnel participated in the study, drawn from 12 municipal fire stations and the BFP Provincial Office in Camarines Norte, including Basud, Daet, Mercedes, San Lorenzo, San Vicente, Talisay, Vinzons, Labo, Paracale, Jose Panganiban, Capalonga, and Sta. Elena Fire Stations, as well as the Office of the Provincial Fire Marshal. In terms of operational capabilities, BFP personnel were rated “very much capable” in organizational management (M = 4.31), information dissemination (M = 4.40), and responsiveness (M = 4.29). However, resource planning obtained a slightly lower rating of “capable” (M = 4.18), indicating room for improvement. Based on these results, an intervention plan was developed to address identified gaps, particularly in workforce and equipment allocation, equipment maintenance, training frequency, public awareness activities, and governance-related constraints. Across the four operational capability domains, the three lowest-rated indicators were related to: (1) the adequacy and readiness of firefighting and rescue equipment, (2) the frequency and accessibility of specialized disaster response and Incident Command System (ICS) trainings, and (3) the reach and effectiveness of disaster preparedness information dissemination to vulnerable communities. These priority gaps highlight the areas where improvement efforts should be directed most urgently.
- [Exploring Non-Structural Flood Risk Management Measures in Haor Areas of Sunamganj, Bangladesh](https://spsdrm.org/exploring-non-structural-flood-risk-management-measures-in-haor-areas-of-sunamganj-bangladesh/): This is a qualitative study focusing on non-structural flood management measures to support Boro rice farmers in Tahirpur Upazila in Sunamganj District, a highly flood-prone area. The objective of the study is to analyze existing non-structural flood management practices, including flood forecasting and dissemination processes, as well as farmer education and training. This study found that floods, especially flash floods, are devastating and sorrowful for the farmers in the area, destroying their crops, hard work, and livelihood. They remain far from modern technology-based agricultural and information systems. According to experienced respondents, one of the major problems of non-structured flood risk management is the unavailability of timely upstream information, particularly for adjacent flood-prone areas in India, including Meghalaya, which leads to unexpected flash floods in the study area. Due to insufficient data or information, residents in the study area still rely on perception and indigenous knowledge regarding flood-related issues. This study gathers extensive data through in-depth interviews and Key Informant Interviews (KII). Additionally, other convenient techniques have also been used to collect relevant information.
- [Unveiling An Efficient Framework for Predicting Flood Risk Areas, Using Earth Observatory Data, Google Earth Engine, and Multicriteria Decision Making-Analytical Hierarchy Process](https://spsdrm.org/unveiling-an-efficient-framework-for-predicting-flood-risk-areas-using-earth-observatory-data-google-earth-engine-and-multicriteria-decision-making-analytical-hierarchy-process/): The flood risk in the Niger-East region of Niger State is increasingly becoming an annual event. Climatic shifts, land-surface modifications, and human socioeconomic factors are among the conditions that trigger floods. This study explores geospatial technology and multicriteria decision analysis-analytical hierarchy process (MCDA-AHP) to develop a flood risk prediction system that leverages Google Earth Engine to process remote sensing data directly influencing flood risk. Elevation, slope, drainage density, rainfall, soil, proximity to drainage, proximity to road, population density, flow accumulation, and land use land cover (LULC). The weightage assignment was performed using the MCDA-AHP technique. Flood risk classes predicted as very low, 13.82 km2 (9.29%), low, 18.77 km2 (12.61%), low – moderate, 111.97 km2 (75.24%), high, 3.32 km2 (2.23%), and very high, 0.93 km2 (0.63%) of the study area, respectively. This research presents a flood emergency response system that highlights the impact of different prioritization criteria across multiple conditions. Therefore, integrating GEE to generate different flood-conditioning risk indicators, prioritized and ranked using MCDA-AHP, is crucial for developing an efficient methodological framework for flood risk prediction across a wide region, achieving 88% precision. Thus, effective for evidence-based decision-making by authorities, policy makers, and emergency response agencies.
- [Spatiotemporal Patterns of Cancer among Women in Central Serbia: Relevance for Risk-Informed Health Planning](https://spsdrm.org/spatiotemporal-patterns-of-cancer-among-women-in-central-serbia-relevance-for-risk-informed-health-planning/): Malignant diseases are among the most prevalent health conditions affecting the female population in the Republic of Serbia. This study provides an overview of the most common malignant diseases – cancers in women in the central part of Serbia from 1999 to 2021, including breast, cervical, uterine, colorectal, bladder, ovarian, pancreatic, lung, and bronchial cancers from a geographic perspective. The spatial hot spots were identified using the well-known Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. New and consecutive hot spots for lung and bronchus cancer incidence were detected in Zlatiborski, Moravički, Mačvanski, and Beogradski counties, with oscillating and sporadic hot spots in the others. Consecutive hot spots for lung and bronchus cancer mortality were identified in Beogradski, Kolubarski, Podunavski, and Šumadijski counties, whereas oscillating hot spots were identified in Braničevski and Pomoravski counties. New hotspots for ovarian cancer incidence were concentrated in Zlatiborski and Moravički counties, whereas cold spots for uterine cancer incidence were identified in Kolubarski, Šumadijski, and Mačvanski counties. Pancreatic cancer incidence exhibited consecutive and sporadic patterns across multiple regions, while bladder cancer incidence showed widespread hot spots. The results provide valuable evidence on regions most severely affected and underscore the necessity of targeted preventive and intervention strategies. This analysis contributes to improving public health outcomes in Serbia and offers a model for similar studies in other countries.
- [Volunteer-led emergency flood response in Bangladesh: Evidence for strengthening disaster-risk governance](https://spsdrm.org/volunteer-led-emergency-flood-response-in-bangladesh-evidence-for-strengthening-disaster-risk-governance/): Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to floods, like natural disasters. Yet, contributions of volunteer-led non-profit organizations (NVOs) in emergency response remain underexplored. This paper investigates how an NVO responded to a flood, from rapid rescue to post-flood recovery, and evaluates the effects of its engagement on public health, organizational learning and growth, and community resilience. We applied a mixed-methods approach, combining organizational document reviews, structured interviews with seven key volunteers, direct field observations, and photographic documentation of relief and medical camp activities (21–28 August 2024). Quantitative data on reported illnesses were analyzed using STATA-18 and R through descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, post-hoc comparisons, and multinomial logistic regression. Qualitative data underwent thematic analysis with a deductive coding framework. The NVO provided critical support through rapid rescue, targeted relief, and medical camps addressing integumentary (46.5%), respiratory (13.2%), skeletal (5%), gastrointestinal (2.6%), and other illnesses (32.7%). Thematic analysis highlighted organizational strengths, including field-level experience, decentralized leadership, adaptability, and strong collaborative capacity with government and other non-government actors. Despite resource constraints, the NVO demonstrated high operational effectiveness and recognition during the crisis. Formal integration of NVOs into national disaster coordination mechanisms is recommended. Institutional, technical, and financial support can strengthen disaster risk reduction, governance, and social development in resource-constrained settings. This study establishes novelty by linking health impact assessment with organizational learning in volunteer-led disaster response, combining quantitative outcomes and qualitative insights to show how grassroots organizations complement formal disaster management and provide actionable recommendations for integration into governance.
- [Regulating Emerging Technologies in Disaster Management: A Comparative Analysis of Security Governance and Legal Liability in India and Serbia](https://spsdrm.org/regulating-emerging-technologies-in-disaster-management-a-comparative-analysis-of-security-governance-and-legal-liability-in-india-and-serbia/): The integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), drones, IoT sensors, big data, and blockchain is revolutionizing disaster management by enhancing response speed and effectiveness. However, these advancements introduce significant challenges in security governance and legal liability, particularly around accountability, data protection, algorithmic bias, and the resilience of critical infrastructure. This comparative study examines how India and Serbia regulate the use of these technologies in disaster management, incorporating legal analysis, policy review, and expert insights. The findings highlight that while India focuses on national frameworks, particularly through the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Serbia aligns its disaster management approach with European Union standards and emphasizes regional cooperation. Both countries face common challenges, including the attribution of liability for autonomous decision-making, cybersecurity risks, and cross-border coordination. To address these issues, the study proposes a hybrid governance model that combines adaptive regulation, multi-stakeholder partnerships, liability-sharing mechanisms, and technology-neutral legal frameworks. The research argues that effective regulation must balance operational efficiency with security, legitimacy, and human rights protection, ultimately fostering public trust and enhancing disaster resilience.
- [Strategic Risks of AI-Enabled Automation: Implications for Crisis Management and Systemic Resilience](https://spsdrm.org/strategic-risks-of-ai-enabled-automation-implications-for-crisis-management-and-systemic-resilience/): Artificial intelligence is increasingly embedded in military decision-making systems, transforming not only operational performance but the structural conditions under which risk is produced and governed. This article develops a conceptual socio-technical analysis of AI-enabled automation through the lenses of systemic risk, risk governance, and resilience. Rather than treating AI as a discrete tool, the paper conceptualizes automation as a structural intervention in high-risk decision infrastructures. Four analytical findings are advanced. First, AI-mediated workflows redistribute practical control by shaping what information is salient, how threats are classified, and which actions appear feasible. Second, automation compresses decision time, reducing space for deliberation and increasing reliance on algorithmic outputs under uncertainty. Third, tighter coupling and accelerated interaction across domains enable localized errors or manipulations to propagate into broader escalation dynamics. Fourth, distributed human–machine architectures contribute to responsibility diffusion, weakening the alignment between accountability and effective decision influence. The article argues that prevailing “human-in-the-loop” safeguards are insufficient when control is reduced to technical override rather than institutional capacity for judgment and accountability. Effective integration of AI in high-risk environments requires governance arrangements that preserve human judgment as a strategic resource for crisis management and systemic resilience.
- [Site Suitability of Evacuation Centers in Zamboanga City, Philippines using GIS: Assessing Safety and Accessibility in Hazard-Prone Areas](https://spsdrm.org/site-suitability-of-evacuation-centers-in-zamboanga-city-philippines-using-gis-assessing-safety-and-accessibility-in-hazard-prone-areas/): Climate change is a present-day problem, making areas previously unaffected by natural hazards now vulnerable to disasters. Building resilient cities involves ensuring effective disaster response, which includes providing safe and accessible evacuation centers (ECs). This study evaluates the suitability of ECs in Zamboanga City, Philippines, by assessing their safety and accessibility. Using QGIS, the exposure of ECs to various natural hazards was analyzed. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to determine the weights for each criterion. Results revealed that most of the ECs are moderately suitable in terms of safety, with a few highly suitable. However, accessibility ratings varied, highlighting the need for improvements in infrastructure in certain areas. The study emphasizes the reality that not all safe ECs are accessible, and not all accessible ECs are safe.
- [Disaster Recovery and Data Integrity in Odisha: Institutional Corruption, Crop Loss Mismatches, and the Case for District-Level Destruction Scorecards](https://spsdrm.org/disaster-recovery-and-data-integrity-in-odisha-institutional-corruption-crop-loss-mismatches-and-the-case-for-district-level-destruction-scorecards/): Odisha’s globally recognised disaster preparedness has not been matched by equivalent integrity in post-disaster recovery, where systemic fraud undermines the effectiveness of relief and fiscal stability. This study investigates how temporal and spatial loopholes in crop loss compensation and paddy procurement systems are exploited through false damage claims, stored grain fraud, partial damage manipulation, and ghost beneficiaries, often enabled by verification lapses, procurement manipulation, and political shielding. Using state budget data from 1999-2025, official procurement and compensation records, and a detailed case study of Bhadrak district’s 2024 unseasonal rain event, the analysis quantifies fiscal leakage and its macroeconomic implications, estimating potential annual losses in the hundreds of crores. The paper proposes a five-part reform package- Destruction Scorecard Framework, Digital Farmer Registry, season-linked procurement protocols, community-led audit panels, and an integrated Relief–Procurement Dashboard supported by a feasibility and cost–benefit assessment projecting savings exceeding ₹450 crore per year. Policy recommendations include enacting a Disaster Recovery Accountability Bill and advocating for national replication to improve the accuracy of agricultural GDP estimates and strengthen governance credibility. The findings position Odisha to lead in transparent, data-driven disaster recovery, offering a replicable model for other high-risk states in India.
- [Terrorism and Destructive Cults as Sources of Societal Disruption: Conceptual Delineation for Effective Risk Management](https://spsdrm.org/terrorism-and-destructive-cults-as-sources-of-societal-disruption-conceptual-delineation-for-effective-risk-management/): This article examines the conceptual boundary between terrorism and destructive cults as a critical precondition for effective risk management. While terrorism and cultic violence are commonly treated as analytically distinct phenomena, empirical evidence increasingly reveals overlapping organizational structures, leadership dynamics, and escalation pathways. Drawing on a comparative qualitative analysis of cases situated in the grey zone between terrorism and destructive cults, the study demonstrates that rigid classificatory distinctions obscure early warning signals and delay preventive intervention. The findings show that escalation toward outward-facing violence is driven less by ideological labels than by internal organizational dynamics, including charismatic authority, centralized decision-making, social isolation, and ideological absolutism. Destructive cults often generate high levels of latent risk despite limited external violence, while terrorist organizations with cultic characteristics exhibit intensified escalation potential. Hybrid organizations, in particular, demonstrate non-linear trajectories in which violence emerges abruptly without substantial organizational transformation. By reframing conceptual boundaries as tools of risk governance rather than static categories, the article advances a risk-oriented analytical framework that supports early detection and proportionate intervention. The study contributes to debates in terrorism studies, sociology of religion, and security policy by demonstrating that conceptual clarity is not an abstract theoretical concern, but a necessary condition for preventive risk management and effective security governance.
- [Beyond the Original BRIC Model: Gaps, Limitations, and Adaptation of Community Resilience Indicators for Local Contexts](https://spsdrm.org/beyond-the-original-bric-model-gaps-limitations-and-adaptation-of-community-resilience-indicators-for-local-contexts/): This paper reviews the development and adaptations of the BRIC (Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities) method for measuring local community resilience to disasters, grounded in the DROP (Disaster Resilience of Place) theoretical framework. The point of departure is the analysis of the DROP framework, which defines resilience as a dynamic process conditioned by pre-existing social, economic, institutional, and infrastructural conditions, as well as their interaction with natural systems. The first part of the paper discusses the theoretical value of this framework, as well as the practical challenges of its application arising from the limited availability of reliable data and the lack of standardized methodological approaches. The second part of the paper presents a detailed analysis of the development of resilience dimensions in contemporary literature, including socio-demographic structure, well-being and social capital, economic stability, institutional capacities, infrastructure, geographical and spatial characteristics, cooperation, and risk analysis. Through a comparative approach, it is shown that, although differently labeled, these indicators essentially converge on the same conceptual cores and reveal developmental discontinuities relative to the original DROP framework and the initial BRIC method. The central part of the paper examines the evolution of the BRIC method and its adaptations across different national contexts, including analyses of indicator applications in Norway, England, Nepal, Hungary, and Australia. Particular attention is paid to the role of the OECD methodological guidelines in indicator selection, with an emphasis on their frequent partial implementation, especially in areas related to handling missing data, reliability testing, and sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, the paper demonstrates that the BRIC method possesses high conceptual potential and broad applicability; however, without deeper contextual adaptation, stricter methodological discipline, and the integration of spatial and local approaches, its validity and operational usefulness in community resilience planning may remain limited.
- [Tracing Forty Years of Research on the Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Trends, Themes, and Future Directions](https://spsdrm.org/tracing-forty-years-of-research-on-the-bhopal-gas-tragedy-trends-themes-and-future-directions/): The Bhopal Gas Tragedy stands as a defining moment in the history of industrial disasters, prompting ongoing global discourse on public health, environmental safety, and corporate accountability. This study aims to systematically map and evaluate the scholarly landscape of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy over 40 years (1984–2024), offering a longitudinal perspective on the evolution, diffusion, and thematic transformation of research in this critical area. A total of 301 documents were analyzed, revealing fluctuating yet enduring scholarly engagement, with notable publication peaks corresponding to key anniversaries of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. The findings show a clear thematic evolution from early technical and toxicological investigations focused on chemical causes and health effects to more holistic perspectives encompassing industrial safety, environmental sustainability, and disaster governance. In recent years, research has increasingly integrated themes of public health, psychosocial resilience, and environmental justice, reflecting a shift from reactive crisis response to preventive and adaptive frameworks. Factorial analysis further identified three dominant thematic clusters: institutional and technical management of the disaster, long-term health and environmental outcomes, and occupational or exposure-related risks. The bibliometric insights derived from this study advance understanding of industrial disasters by illustrating how Bhopal-related research has transitioned from immediate impact analyses to broader explorations of systemic governance and resilience. The significant implication of this work is the highlighting of the growing incorporation of environmental regulation, community preparedness, and psychosocial recovery into disaster management frameworks. This evidence-based synthesis clarifies the field's intellectual structure. It provides actionable guidance for policymakers and safety professionals, emphasizing the need for stronger preventive strategies, inter-agency collaboration, and resilience-building initiatives in industrial risk governance.
- [Leveraging Social Media and Mobile Technology for Disaster Communication in Nigeria](https://spsdrm.org/leveraging-social-media-and-mobile-technology-for-disaster-communication-in-nigeria/): The qualitative and literature-based research presented here examines how Nigeria utilized social media and mobile phones for disaster communication between 2020 and 2025. To this end, it assesses the literature through a systematic review and narrative synthesis, as well as peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and policy documents. The research explores the evolving digital ecosystem of emergency management in Nigeria. The study's results indicate that the adoption of social media in disaster management in Africa has not yet reached the levels seen in countries such as the United States, Japan, and Australia in terms of initial uptake and the mainstreaming of the technology into disaster management processes. Even though as of January 2025, Nigeria has 107 million internet users (45.4% penetration rate) and 38.7 million active social media users (16.4% of the population) (Nyambo et al., 2024; Agbeyangi et al., 2024), significant challenges are still in place, such as a lack of infrastructure, rising misinformation, a low level of digital literacy, and distrust. One of the significant contributions highlighted by the study was that social media influencers, such as @Aproko_doctor, who had engagement rates comparable to the Nigerian Center for Disease Control but far greater interaction metrics, were the most public interactive during the 2020 Lagos lockdown for COVID-19 compared to official health authorities while still community leaders were the most preferred for flood risk communication (Akingbade, 2021; Marsh et al., 2024). The research examines the use of various platforms, the methods of disseminating early warnings, and the dual nature of digital technologies in Nigeria’s disaster communication scene, where they act as both facilitators and barriers. Among other things, the main recommendations include the need for integrated digital-traditional communication systems, digital literacy programs with improved outreach, and stronger public-private partnerships to establish an efficient, sustainable disaster communication infrastructure.
- [🎓 Certificate of Publication Awarded to Lenie Zulueta](https://spsdrm.org/%f0%9f%8e%93-certificate-of-publication-awarded-to-lenie-zulueta/): The Scientific-Professional Society for Disaster Risk Management (SPS-DRM) is pleased to congratulate Lenie P. Zulueta of Marinduque State University, Philippines, on the successful publication of her scientific paper:
- [Transforming Landscapes, Shaping Risk: Land Cover Change and Disaster Vulnerability in Parshuram Municipality (2005–2025)](https://spsdrm.org/transforming-landscapes-shaping-risk-land-cover-change-and-disaster-vulnerability-in-parshuram-municipality-2005-2025/): Parshuram Municipality, situated at the fragile Chure–Inner Terai interface of Dadeldhura District, embodies a landscape shaped by young, erodible geology and mounting human pressures. This study explores spatiotemporal land-use and land-cover (LULC) change from 2005 to 2025 and its driving forces. Freely available Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images were downloaded from USGS and subset to the municipal boundary in UTM45N WGS84, and seven LULC classes—forest, agriculture, grassland, water body, sedimentation, landslide, and settlement were defined per the Land Use Act 2019. Supervised maximum likelihood classification with seven training samples per class was performed in GIS and validated against ground truth in Google Earth Pro. Agricultural land expanded from 8% to 60% between 2005 and 2015, then contracted to 33% by 2025 (–27%). Forest cover declined from 29 % to 5 % (–24 %) before recovering to 14 % (+9 %). Grasslands fell from 35 % to 9 % (–26 %), while sedimentation areas surged from 5 % to 32 % (+27 %). Water bodies remained near 4 %, settlements shrank from 14 % to 6 % (–8 %), and landslide zones shifted from 7 % to 3 % (–4 %). Concurrent increases in flood and landslide events documented in municipal disaster records underscore the compounded risk posed by these LULC shifts. These trends reflect human encroachment, haphazard settlement expansion, and intensified erosion under monsoonal extremes. Mitigating disaster vulnerability and fostering sustainable development will require integrated land management, targeted reforestation, nature-based slope stabilization, and a geospatial early-warning system.
- [The Impacts of Upstream Damming of the Omo River on Flood-Retreat Agriculture and Food Security Among Dassanech Agro-pastoralists, Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia](https://spsdrm.org/the-impacts-of-upstream-damming-of-the-omo-river-on-flood-retreat-agriculture-and-food-security-among-dassanech-agro-pastoralists-lower-omo-valley-ethiopia/): The Omo River is mainly considered a lifeline for the Southern Ethiopia lower Omo valley pastoral and agro-pastoralist communities of the Dassenech, whose food security and livelihood system totally depends on it. The seasonal flooding and subsequent flood-retreat cultivation of the river basin provide a new, stable crop-harvesting season for both household consumption and market sales. This is why most scholars argued that the entire social, economic, livelihood, and socio-cultural practices of Dassenech villagers depend on the rise and fall of the Omo River. Despite this, upstream Omo River damming and associated large–scale agricultural investment, in the face of climate variability and change, as well as the commercialization of Dassenech agro-pastoralist land and water source ecosystems, have become critical concerns for their flood-retreat agriculture and livelihood systems. Throughout the study, the researcher employed an interpretativist epistemological paradigm along with a qualitative research method to explore and understand the phenomena from the study participants' or actors’ own perspective, and to examine the world they experienced via key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and a case study with nearly 68 participants. So, this article aims to assess and analyze the impacts of upstream damming of the Omo River on flood retreat agriculture and food security among the Dassenech agro-pastoralists of the Lower Omo Valley in detail, and how it affects local agro-pastoralists' survival systems in the face of harsh agro-ecology and climate change. However, the study findings reveal that the destruction of Dassenech pastoral and agro-pastoral communities, flood retreat agriculture swiftly produces and intensifies major humanitarian disasters, including drought, and recurrent occurrences of flooding disasters in the area, with widespread conditions of starvation, disease, and spiraling interethnic armed conflict between the tri-nation border region of the lower Omo valley region. This increased their vulnerability to the effects of food insecurity, due to the loss of their seasonal sources of grain products - flood retreat crop cultivation, as well as livestock grazing areas. Therefore, to ensure the well-being of human development in the area, maintaining the sustainability of local ecosystem functions is vital for local communities' survival and resilience-building.
- [The Impact of Political Variables on the Quality of Health Services in Governmental Hospitals – Case Study: Al-Shifa Medical Complex](https://spsdrm.org/the-impact-of-political-variables-on-the-quality-of-health-services-in-governmental-hospitals-case-study-al-shifa-medical-complex/): The Gaza Strip’s hospitals and health centers face severe shortages of medical devices and essential equipment due to prolonged political instability. This study aimed to assess the impact of political variables on the quality of health services at Al-Shifa Medical Complex. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted. Data were collected through 15 field observation visits and five structured interviews with key healthcare stakeholders, including physicians, nurses, and administrators. Observations focused on equipment availability, staff adequacy, and service delivery efficiency. Findings revealed that the prolonged Israeli blockade and internal Palestinian political division have critically undermined healthcare quality, availability, and resilience at Al-Shifa Medical Complex. Key challenges include shortages of essential medicines, medical equipment, and trained personnel; frequent power outages; inadequate hospital infrastructure; and staff-to-patient ratios averaging 1:12 per shift, all of which delay treatments, reduce patient safety, and compromise specialized services such as dialysis and neonatal care. Political instability directly affects staff capacity and the efficiency of health services, underscoring the urgent need for strategic interventions to strengthen hospital resilience. Hospital administrators and policymakers should prioritize equipping departments with essential medical devices, ensuring reliable medication supplies, and maintaining adequate staffing levels. Strengthening professional development and staff incentives, along with creating a safe, sustainable healthcare environment, are essential to improving service quality and system resilience. These measures support the strategic objectives of the Palestinian Ministry of Health and help safeguard healthcare delivery under political instability.
- [The Impact of Geographic Information Systems on Emergency Management and Disaster Response in Nigeria](https://spsdrm.org/the-impact-of-geographic-information-systems-on-emergency-management-and-disaster-response-in-nigeria/): Emergency and disaster management in Nigeria has been marked by inadequate preparation, disorganized structures, reliance on donor-driven models, and a lack of accessible data. These issues pose significant challenges and uncertainties for the country's disaster management approach. This study, therefore, examines the impact of GIS on emergency management and disaster response in Nigeria. The study uses a cross-sectional design to assess the effect of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) on emergency management and disaster response in Nigeria. A quantitative approach was utilized, with data collected via a structured questionnaire from stakeholders involved in disaster management across Nigeria. A simple random sampling method was employed with a sample size of 124 respondents from all six geopolitical zones in Nigeria to ensure regional diversity. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 28. The study assessed the role of GIS technology in strengthening emergency management and disaster response in Nigeria. Results showed that respondents generally perceived GIS positively, with particular emphasis on the importance of data availability (6.39±0.78) and system maintenance (6.51±0.81). While satisfaction with existing emergency response was mostly neutral (means ranging from 3.81±1.71 to 4.43±1.85), there was strong agreement on the need for improvements (6.24±1.14). Differences were observed across professions, with IT and Technology professionals recording the highest satisfaction (6.36±0.46). Sociodemographic factors also influenced perceptions, as older respondents reported higher satisfaction (6.17±0.51) than younger ones (5.38±0.17), with statistical significance (p<0.05). Although age and gender were not significant predictors, respondents outside Management and Consulting had higher odds (AOR=20.422, p<0.05) of expressing satisfaction with the emergency response system. The study demonstrates that GIS is perceived as essential for strengthening emergency preparedness and response in Nigeria. Findings highlight critical gaps in data sharing, funding, and system coordination and provide evidence-based insights to improve GIS integration nationwide. The findings highlight the need for improvements in GIS technology applications and emergency response systems in Nigeria.
- [Tax Incentives as a Preventive Measure to Reduce Disaster Risk](https://spsdrm.org/tax-incentives-as-a-preventive-measure-to-reduce-disaster-risk/): A comprehensive and adaptive approach by the state, all its public and legal bodies, the economy, and other entities to actively approach the possibility of implementing appropriate measures in accordance with the real flows of disaster risks to create conditions for a more effective and efficient disaster risk reduction system is a condition and a necessity of every state. Reducing the risk of disaster requires an active role by the state, specifically a response model that must also include the capacity for preventive action, i.e., the protection system's action before an undesired event occurs. In this regard, the paper will analyse citizens' stance and the potential application of tax incentives as one instrument to enhance the level of preventive measures and actions that would enable a stronger and more active role for all stakeholders in the system of disaster risk reduction and emergency management. By establishing these conditions, the disaster risk reduction system could respond more swiftly to the changing nature of disaster risks.
- [Shelter for people in extreme weather: Exploring the options in the coastal areas of Bangladesh](https://spsdrm.org/shelter-for-people-in-extreme-weather-exploring-the-options-in-the-coastal-areas-of-bangladesh/): Bangladesh's coast is affected by tropical cyclones, which are now exacerbated by climate change in terms of intensity and frequency. Though the death toll from cyclones has decreased significantly through the implementation of the CPP (Cyclone Preparedness Programme), initiated by the Bangladesh Government, the event still disrupts the lives and resources of coastal communities. The primary sector destroyed during a cyclone is coastal communities' housing, settlements, and livelihoods. During a cyclone, coastal residents must evacuate their homes to a cyclone shelter for temporary refuge, whereas many do not intend to leave their homes and properties. Several initiatives have been undertaken in Bangladesh to provide shelter during cyclones. The common practice of sheltering people is building a "Multipurpose Cyclone Shelter". Some "Killas" were also constructed to shelter the livestock. After the cyclones of 1970, 1991, SIDR, and Aila, the Bangladesh Government and some NGOs also provided houses to affected people in coastal areas. However, most initiatives in coastal shelter design were not successful enough to provide sustainable shelters, considering both durability and maintenance. Architects in Bangladesh are still searching for the most effective and sustainable solution to provide shelter to the coastal community, considering the devastating cyclone. This paper examines shelter design initiatives by studying existing shelters and proposes alternative solutions to provide shelter to people on the coast of Bangladesh. For the study, examples of shelter design and construction following the devastating cyclones of 1970, 1991, SIDR, and Aila have been analyzed through a literature review and physical survey. A physical survey of some affected areas has been conducted to understand their inherent and indigenous survival mechanism. Based on this study, the research proposes a sustainable solution for sheltering coastal communities.
- [Rethinking Disaster Resilience: Conceptual Framework, Core Dimensions, and Key Actors](https://spsdrm.org/rethinking-disaster-resilience-conceptual-framework-core-dimensions-and-key-actors/): This article explores the conceptual and theoretical foundations of disaster resilience to understand its full complexity and multidisciplinary nature. The first section traces definitions from their etymological origins and early scholarly interpretations to modern perspectives that view resilience as a dynamic mechanism for overcoming risk and crisis. It highlights the concept’s adaptability and transformability, as well as the role of learning in establishing stability—i.e., resilience. The second section organizes the conceptual framework of disaster resilience and its multiple dimensions. Resilience is seen as a combination of physical, social, institutional, and economic aspects, with particular focus on social cohesion and a culture of safety. The analysis emphasizes resilience as fundamental to sustainable development and societal strength. The third section examines different resilience dimensions, noting that there is no universal set; they vary by context and methodology. It considers biophysical, social, institutional, and local aspects, as well as the importance of prevention, education, infrastructure standards, and international cooperation in enhancing resilience. The fourth section discusses the leading actors in resilience—individuals, communities, and institutions—focusing on psychological skills at the individual level, social capital and solidarity at the community level, and the importance of institutional coordination and global initiatives that foster a culture of resilience. The discussion links these findings to existing research and points out the absence of universal indicators and standardized methods for measuring resilience. In conclusion, the article asserts that disaster resilience is an evolving process involving multiple dimensions and active participation from actors across all levels. A holistic approach, combined with new analytical tools, is crucial for accurate measurement and practical implementation in risk management, thereby establishing clear connections between local capacities, institutional policies, and international resilience efforts.
- [Resilience of Higher Education Institutions to Security Risks – Analysis of the Current State and the Need for Cooperation](https://spsdrm.org/resilience-of-higher-education-institutions-to-security-risks-analysis-of-the-current-state-and-the-need-for-cooperation/): Educational institutions should inherently embody the values and directions that a society and state aspire to follow, while also playing an expert role in shaping not only educational policies but broader societal policies as well. However, as societies today face various challenges and threats, the educational system is not exempt from the negative phenomena shaping contemporary events and processes. Rapid global political shifts, conflicts, internal social violence, cyber threats, and other risks necessitate that the education system, through both formal and informal educational content, equips students, pupils, and even adults with the necessary knowledge to respond adequately to crises. A literature review on risk management in higher education yields limited results (Raanan, 2009), with most studies focusing on teaching risk management to students or practitioners, such as those by Menoni (2006) and Gabel (2008). To assess the preparedness of higher education institutions (HEIs) and their employees for various security risks, we conducted a study as part of the project activity  "Enhancing the Capacities of Higher Education Institutions for Various Security Risks", under the Erasmus CBHE programme.
- [Putting People First: Why Pooled Funds Belong to Communities](https://spsdrm.org/putting-people-first-why-pooled-funds-belong-to-communities/): Pooled funds are intended to make humanitarian and development financing more equitable and efficient, yet they often replicate top-down systems that keep crisis-affected communities depend on external actors. This paper investigates why pooled funds have struggled to achieve locally led transformation and how they can evolve to empower communities as decision makers and increase their capacities as implementers. Drawing on cases from Uganda, the Philippines, and Bangladesh, complemented by evidence from other crisis and recovery contexts—the paper identifies structural barriers such as rigid compliance rules, donor-driven governance, and short-term funding cycles. It distinguishes between localisation, which expands local roles within existing systems, and locally led action, which transfers actual decision-making power to communities.  The research develops a six-step operational framework that translates global commitments into actionable design features: (i) grounding investments in community-identified priorities; (ii) facilitate shared governance structures; (iii) Facilitate Fit-for-Scale Trustworthiness; (iv) enabling multi-year and flexible funding; (v) investing in transformation not just outputs; and (vi) measuring resilience transformation alongside facilitating. The findings show that community-driven pooled funding is both feasible and compatible with donor accountability requirements. The study contributes to humanitarian financing debates by proposing practical pathways for donors and fund managers to reorient pooled funds from sustaining survival toward enabling self-determination, dignity, and resilience.
- [Policing Law for Disaster Risk Response in Ethiopia: The case of COVID-19](https://spsdrm.org/policing-law-for-disaster-risk-response-in-ethiopia-the-case-of-covid-19/): This paper examines the role of police services in disaster response, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. Using a desk review methodology, the study involved document analysis and interviews with five members of a command post responsible for managing the health crisis. Thematic analysis of the data reveals that the police have a legal mandate to manage disasters, grounded in various legal frameworks, including the FDRE Constitution and relevant proclamations and policies. The findings highlight the police's responsibility for enforcing emergency laws, which included regulations on physical distancing, mask-wearing, and quarantine measures. The Ministry of Health specifically tasked the police with ensuring compliance with COVID-19 directives. However, the study identifies significant challenges, including jurisdictional conflicts, overlapping emergencies, insufficient collaboration among command post members, and the political implications of suspended national elections, which were controversially linked to moral rather than health issues. To enhance disaster response, the paper recommends establishing disaster risk management focal points within the police and creating clear directives defining police roles in disaster management. Furthermore, it advocates integrating disaster risk management training into police education programs, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to disaster preparedness and response within the police force.
- [Grassroots Disaster Governance in Bangladesh: The Roles of Union Parishads and Disaster Management Committees](https://spsdrm.org/grassroots-disaster-governance-in-bangladesh-the-roles-of-union-parishads-and-disaster-management-committees/): Bangladesh’s disaster management discourse is often framed through the celebrated resilience and industrious spirit of its people, a lived heroism deeply embedded in their relationship with nature. However, national disaster management policies frequently fail to translate these narratives into substantive and practical local action. This study explores how participatory governance through Union Parishads (UPs) and Union Disaster Management Committees (UDMCs) can address this persistent policy–practice divide. Adopting a qualitative research design, twenty-seven in-depth interviews were conducted with UDMC members, local power actors, and disaster-affected residents across selected unions. The findings reveal critical structural gaps in disaster response, including the absence of temporary shelters, inadequate post-disaster rehabilitation support, and systemic inefficiencies in local governance. Weak institutional capacity, limited resources, and constrained community participation further undermine the effectiveness of UDMCs. The study argues for inclusive, bottom-up strategies that empower local communities, enhance participatory decision-making, and strengthen coordination between national frameworks and grassroots needs. Reinforcing participatory governance at the union level emerges as vital for fostering resilience and advancing sustainable disaster management in Bangladesh.
- [Geospatial Analysis of COVID-19 Spread in Constantine, Algeria: Epidemiological Insights and Policy Recommendations](https://spsdrm.org/geospatial-analysis-of-covid-19-spread-in-constantine-algeria-epidemiological-insights-and-policy-recommendations/): The COVID-19 epidemic has profoundly affected societies worldwide. In Algeria, the province of Constantine recorded 3,630 confirmed cases in 2020, ranking among the provinces with the highest infection rates in the country. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases across the municipalities of Constantine and to evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions implemented during the pandemic. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), particularly ArcGIS 10.8, various thematic maps were produced to visualize infection hotspots and spatial transmission patterns. The results revealed that municipalities such as Constantine and El Khroub exhibited the highest infection densities, strongly associated with population concentration and proximity to major transport routes. Conversely, peripheral rural areas with lower population density recorded fewer cases. Government measures, notably lockdowns and curfews, contributed to a significant reduction in transmission intensity within several high-risk zones. This study highlights the crucial role of spatial analysis in understanding epidemic dynamics and supports the integration of GIS-based approaches into pandemic preparedness and public health decision-making.
- [First responders in the Western Balkans: Strengthening Capacities and Preparedness for a Resilient Future](https://spsdrm.org/first-responders-in-the-western-balkans-strengthening-capacities-and-preparedness-for-a-resilient-future/): First responders are crucial to disaster risk management in the Western Balkans, but their capacity and preparedness vary significantly across countries and sectors. To enable comparable, evidence-based insights, this review uses a harmonized Readiness to Respond (R2R) framework across five key sectors: firefighting and rescue, police, emergency medical services (EMS), civil protection, and armed forces. It evaluates national preparedness in the Western Balkans with the goals to (i) assess sectoral and system-wide readiness against international standards; (ii) standardize measurement through the R2R index; and (iii) identify key gaps and practical opportunities to strengthen resilience. The review combines quantitative and qualitative data across six dimensions: Staffing, Equipment & Infrastructure, Training & Education, Legislation & Strategies, Coordination & Governance, and Main Challenges. Sector scores range from 0 to 60, with an overall or system score from 0 to 360, normalized across tiers. Data sources include official documents, international reports, and secondary literature, supplemented by expert judgment when data are missing or inconsistent. No country reaches high readiness (≥281/360); Serbia (275/360) and Montenegro (270/360) score highest but still fall within the medium readiness category. Furthermore, Albania (243/360) is moderate, while North Macedonia (220/360) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (205/360) lag. Police and armed forces generally outperform EMS and civil protection, which face staffing shortages, aging equipment, uneven training, and fragmented governance. Firefighting capacity varies greatly, with Montenegro excelling while others demonstrate modest capability. Montenegro exhibits the most balanced overall profile, whereas Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks lowest due to structural fragmentation, with Serbia and Albania in the middle, and North Macedonia trailing slightly. Four main regional constraints are identified: outdated equipment and infrastructure, persistent human resource shortages (notably in EMS and specialized rescue), weak multi-level coordination, and reliance on external aid for modernization and training. Moving from moderate to high readiness requires lifecycle-based fleet renewal, expanding accredited training and retention programs, harmonizing SOPs and metrics, establishing integrated asset and incident registries, and defining volunteer roles. Countries need to shift from donation-based procurement to multi-year, standards-driven capability development, co-financed through EU/NATO/UN mechanisms. Given shared risks and limited scale, cross-border cooperation—such as mutual aid, pooled aerial firefighting and CBRN assets, and joint exercises—offers the most cost-effective way to build interoperable, resilient first responder systems across the Western Balkans.
- [Exploring Flood-Induced Livelihood Vulnerabilities in Bangladesh: Insights from Teota, Manikganj and the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100](https://spsdrm.org/exploring-flood-induced-livelihood-vulnerabilities-in-bangladesh-insights-from-teota-manikganj-and-the-bangladesh-delta-plan-2100/): Climate change is largely to blame for the increasing frequency of natural disasters in Bangladesh, a country that has long been vulnerable to such events. Continuing the trend, flood shave become a very common phenomenon in this country, which takes place almost every year. This natural hazard affects millions of people and makes the community more vulnerable, especially in terms of livelihood. To address this situation, the government of Bangladesh has initiated several long-term plans. ‘Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) - 2100’ is one of them. As such, this research primarily aims to assess the livelihood vulnerability due to the flood of the community in Teota, Manikganj. Later, the study explores the credibility of the strategies mentioned in the BDP to mitigate flood vulnerability. To access the livelihood flood vulnerability, the study applied the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and IPCC-LVI approaches and to examine the adaptive measures outlined in the BDP-2100, the study employed content analysis. The results show that the Teota community is highly vulnerable to floods for their livelihood, both in LVI (0.6 out of 1) and IPCC-LVI (positive) approaches. Among the five livelihood capitals, physical (0.8) and human (0.7) capitals are identified as the most vulnerable, while financial (0.6) and natural (0.5) capitals fall in the middle range. Social capital shows the least vulnerability, with a score of 0.2. This intensifies the exposure (0.6 out of 1) and sensitivity (0.6) and weakens the adaptive capacity (0.5) of Teota community. BDP cannot fully mitigate the vulnerability as it does not address all the infirmities, i.e., BDP does not address social vulnerability. Overall, the successful implementation of BDP could increase the resilience of communities in Teota Union, leading to a considerable reduction in flood vulnerability, however, analyzing the BDP strategies in a quantitative approach could be more effective. Moreover, other long-term strategic plans of Bangladesh, such as ‘My Village My Town’, and ‘Smart Bangladesh’, that deal with flood vulnerability should address the issues that are missed in BDP-2100.
- [Examining the Challenges in Implementing Occupational Health and Safety in the Selected Construction Companies Across Nigerian Coastal Cities](https://spsdrm.org/examining-the-challenges-in-implementing-occupational-health-and-safety-in-the-selected-construction-companies-across-nigerian-coastal-cities/): Occupational Health and Safety Management (OHSM) is critical in construction due to the sector’s high-risk nature. In Nigeria’s coastal cities, however, safety practices remain undermined by behavioural, institutional, and systemic challenges. This study investigates the key barriers affecting OHSM implementation. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 1,400 construction workers across Lagos, Rivers, Delta, and Cross River States. Quantitative analyses were conducted with SPSS 28 using descriptive statistics, mean ranking, and Chi-square tests. Qualitative data were obtained through 35 key informant interviews with senior site managers and were analysed thematically with QDA Miner. Workers’ resistance emerged as the most significant challenge (mean = 3.98), followed by corruption and bribery (mean = 3.41), poor health and safety culture (mean = 3.39), and political influence (mean = 3.38). Overall, 58.5% of respondents reported moderate OHSM challenges, while 40.4% reported low challenges. Significant differences were observed between indigenous and international companies (χ² = 65.210, p < 0.001) and across states (χ² = 217.92, p < 0.001). Qualitative findings corroborated the quantitative results, highlighting worker non-compliance, budgetary constraints, logistical delays in PPE supply, low educational levels, and systemic governance challenges. The study highlights that behavioural non-compliance and systemic governance weaknesses, rather than resource constraints, are the primary drivers of OHSM outcomes. interventions should prioritize continuous worker sensitization, stricter safety enforcement, effective resource planning, and enhanced government commitment to improve health and safety outcomes.
- [Disaster Risk Assessment and Management Challenges Faced by University Libraries: A Case Study of Disaster-Prone Region Hazara, Pakistan](https://spsdrm.org/disaster-risk-assessment-and-management-challenges-faced-by-university-libraries-a-case-study-of-disaster-prone-region-hazara-pakistan/): The Hazara region in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is highly susceptible to disasters. This research investigates the types of disasters that can affect university libraries in the Hazara region and the challenges they pose. The study population consisted of university library staff from the Hazara region. Using purposive sampling, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with library staff in key positions. There are 5 universities in this region. The qualitative data, subjected to thematic analysis, highlighted principal themes and emerged subthemes. Two major themes were identified for the disaster types — natural and man-made disasters — while 3 major themes were identified for the challenges — funding, lack of policies, and lack of planning. The findings include natural and man-made disasters, cyberattacks, a lack of institutional policies for disaster mitigation, insufficient budgets, inadequate roads and bridges, and limited awareness of how to handle disasters. Based on these findings, specific recommendations and practical implications are provided, including policy development, training, community engagement, early warning systems, infrastructure development, resource allocation, and security systems. The study advocates for a practical approach to disaster management. The study's conclusions and recommendations have implications for library specialists, policymakers, and shareholders in the Hazara Region and beyond.
- [Disaster and Dignity: Palliative Care Action Plan for Flooding in Garo Hills, Meghalaya](https://spsdrm.org/disaster-and-dignity-palliative-care-action-plan-for-flooding-in-garo-hills-meghalaya/): Palliative care is an essential component of healthcare systems, which aims to improve the quality of life for people facing life-threatening illnesses and their families through symptom control, psychosocial support, and dignity in care. In disaster situations where health systems are often overwhelmed and resources are strained, the integration of palliative care becomes crucial to address the needs of vulnerable populations. The Garo Hills region of Meghalaya, Northeast India, is geographically remote, vulnerable to annual flooding, and has limited access to health services. This paper explores the theoretical development of a palliative care action plan for the flood-prone region of Garo Hills, Meghalaya, conceptualized as a group exercise for the Fellowship of Palliative Care 2022 to address palliative care needs in a neglected setting. Strategies to obtain buy-in for a palliative care intervention are described based on three target groups: national and international support, neighboring regions, and the Garo community. Given the region’s vulnerability to climate-related disasters, the action plan emphasises community-based preparedness and the integration of palliative care into humanitarian response efforts. This conceptual framework is intended as a guide for managers, humanitarian actors, and policymakers, with potential adaptation to other disaster-prone regions, where palliative care is necessary. No disaster response is complete without attention to those who may not survive.
- [Digital Platform for Ecological Education of Students – Advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal: The Case of ProSafeNet (Global Hub)](https://spsdrm.org/digital-platform-for-ecological-education-of-students-advancing-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-and-the-european-green-deal-the-case-of-prosafenet-global-hub/): Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the European Green Deal (EGD) requires more efficient pathways that connect learning directly to real-world actions. This review introduces and explores a student-centered digital platform for ecological education that encourages knowledge sharing, collaboration, and practical implementation. Using a mixed-methods approach, we gather insights from existing literature and policies on SDGs and EGD to define core functional and governance requirements, which are then integrated into the ProSafeNet platform (the global hub for safety, security, risk, and emergency professionals and scientists). Its architecture brings together curated environmental issues across global, national, and causal layers; structured learning modules aligned with SDG/EGD guidelines; an embedded legal framework at various levels; and networking channels that guide students from identifying problems to developing solutions, culminating in standardized Project Solution Models. In the case study of ProSafeNet, these pathways leverage existing modules such as the Knowledge Base, Training Hub, Events/Forum, Projects, Research Hub, Community Resilience Hub, Policy Practice Lab, and Innovation Lab—allowing immediate testing without additional infrastructure. An evaluation framework is proposed, featuring key performance indicators such as learning gains, student engagement, team formation, prototypes or pilots, policy briefs, and progress toward SDGs/EGDs. The framework also highlights the importance of equity, accessibility, and GDPR-compliant governance. This approach aims to address the issue of “brain drain” by providing visible, credentialed pathways into green practices and funding opportunities, while fostering collaboration across institutions. Overall, this model offers a practical, scalable solution to accelerate student involvement in ecological problem-solving and support measurable progress toward SDG and EGD objectives.
- [Digital Literacy and Educational Empowerment Among Rural Women in Bangladesh: Bridging the Technology Access Gap](https://spsdrm.org/digital-literacy-and-educational-empowerment-among-rural-women-in-bangladesh-bridging-the-technology-access-gap/): This study explores how digital literacy influences the education and empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh from 2015 to 2024. Using data from surveys, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups, it examines how rural women access digital technologies, the challenges they face, and the social and educational benefits of increased digital engagement. Despite growth in digital literacy and ICT access over the past decade, rural women still face significant hurdles, including socioeconomic barriers, cultural and gender norms, limited digital infrastructure, high device costs, and unequal training opportunities. These structural issues, along with regional differences and low digital awareness, continue to widen the gender digital divide. The findings show that digital literacy significantly enhances educational participation, access to online learning, communication, and opportunities for income generation and entrepreneurship. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of digital skills for maintaining educational continuity and for remote service access. However, participation remains uneven, especially among the most marginalized rural groups. The study emphasizes the need for targeted, gender-sensitive digital literacy programs that address affordability, connectivity, and cultural barriers. It also recommends policies to improve rural ICT infrastructure, expand community-based training, and foster inclusive digital ecosystems. Overall, this research provides new empirical evidence, showing that digital literacy—when combined with accessible infrastructure and culturally appropriate programs—can be a powerful tool for closing educational gaps, enabling socioeconomic mobility, and advancing gender equality in rural Bangladesh.
- [Differential Risk and the Elements of Resilience: A Framework for Advancing Disaster Risk Reduction](https://spsdrm.org/differential-risk-and-the-elements-of-resilience-a-framework-for-advancing-disaster-risk-reduction/): Traditional Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) models often cconceptualize risk as a uniform condition affecting populations and assets equally. This article challenges that paradigm by introducing the concept of differential risk—a framework that recognizes risk as a variable, context-specific phenomenon experienced at distinct, quantifiable levels by various elements at risk. These elements—ranging from individual lives and livelihoods to infrastructure and ecosystems—possess differing capacities to withstand and recover from hazards, even under identical physical impacts. The core argument is that an element’s intrinsic capacity to survive and bounce forward, together with the state of support systems and structures (its “resilience capacity”), fundamentally determines its risk profile. By integrating this understanding into DRR practice allows for a shift from generalized, top-down approaches towards more precise, capacity-based strategies that yield nuanced, targeted, and ultimately more effective risk-informed plans and solutions. The paper elaborates the theoretical foundations of differential risk and presents a practical framework for its application in DRR policy, planning, and implementation.
- [Crisis Communication in Times of Disasters: Public Perceptions on the Timeliness and Clarity of Safety Announcements: A Systematic Literature Review](https://spsdrm.org/crisis-communication-in-times-of-disasters-public-perceptions-on-the-timeliness-and-clarity-of-safety-announcements-a-systematic-literature-review/): This study examines crisis communication during disasters, focusing on the timeliness and clarity of safety announcements and their influence on public perception. Guided by the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT), which explains how authorities strategically communicate during crises to protect their reputation and build public trust, a systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing  29 articles. Most studies employed qualitative or quantitative methods, with only a few using a mixed-methods design. The crises examined ranged from natural hazards, such as typhoons, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, and tsunamis, to health emergencies, including COVID-19, SARS, MERS, H5N1, and influenza, as well as aviation and organizational crises. Findings indicate that both local and international contexts emphasized the importance of participatory and bottom-up approaches, where communities are active participants rather than passive recipients. Effective strategies also rely on the use of dominant languages, interpersonal communication, clarity, and timeliness. Communities and organizations often trust community radio and social media platforms, such as Twitter, as sources of information that help at-risk residents make appropriate and necessary preparations. Delays caused by inconsistent or overshadowed information, unpreparedness, and slow responses decrease public trust, create confusion, and undermine public compliance. Based on these findings, the study recommends that authorities responsible for crisis communication employ multidimensional crisis communication strategies, enhance message clarity and comprehensibility, prioritize timely and accurate information, adopt participatory approaches, leverage diverse communication channels strategically, foster public trust through transparency, consistency, accountability, and empathy, implement proactive misinformation mitigation strategies, and continuously refine communication strategies based community or organization needs to improve future emergency responses.
- [COSI-SAFE: A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Framework for Evaluating Urban Open Space Suitability for Post-Earthquake Emergency Sheltering](https://spsdrm.org/cosi-safe-a-gis-based-multi-criteria-framework-for-evaluating-urban-open-space-suitability-for-post-earthquake-emergency-sheltering/): Emergency response preparedness is a critical component of comprehensive earthquake risk management. The selection of suitable sites for post-disaster emergency sheltering during the response phase is central to effective contingency planning in densely populated urban areas. However, conventional planning often relies on ad-hoc methods that fail to systematically balance competing suitability factors. We propose COSI-SAFE, a Comprehensive Open Space Suitability Index (COSI)-based Suitability Assessment for Emergency-sheltering (SAFE) framework that evaluates the suitability of open spaces for temporary shelter establishment in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake in a densely populated urban area (Mirpur area in Dhaka City, Bangladesh), utilizing a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. The evaluation framework defines suitability based on three key dimensions — quality, capacity, and accessibility. Quality indicators were derived from field surveys and secondary data sources. Capacity and accessibility assessments were conducted using spatial analysis tools, including network and proximity analysis in the ArcGIS platform. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to combine the three criteria and derive the COSI for the identified open spaces. The results indicate that most open spaces are either moderately or poorly suited for use as emergency shelters, with only a small fraction deemed highly favorable in a post-earthquake context. Specifically, 1.2% of the open spaces were found to be completely unsuitable, 23.5% had low suitability, 56.8% were moderately suitable, and only 18.5% were fairly suitable for temporary shelter establishment. When weighted by total open-space area rather than site counts, the distribution was: unsuitable 0.8%, low 18.0%, moderate 59.5%, and fair 21.7%, indicating that a limited number of large open spaces contribute disproportionately to the total available shelter area. The findings highlight the inadequacy of existing open spaces to accommodate potential sheltering demand, emphasizing the need for proactive planning in the studied region. Assuming a deterministic Mw 7.5 event and displacement rates of 80% for partially damaged and 100% for extensively damaged buildings, we estimate a shelter-seeking population of 576,678, of whom 242,381 (42.0%) could be accommodated within a 700 m walking radius at 1.7 m²/person. The developed methodology offers a replicable planning tool for policymakers, emergency managers, and responders to strengthen earthquake response preparedness and inform post-disaster response strategies in high-density, earthquake-prone urban areas.
- [A Comparative Analysis of Federal Emergency Management Systems: Evidence from the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, and Australia](https://spsdrm.org/a-comparative-analysis-of-federal-emergency-management-systems-evidence-from-the-united-states-canada-japan-germany-and-australia/): This paper examines how federal emergency management systems in the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, and Australia differ in terms of governance arrangements, coordination mechanisms, and resilience-oriented practices. Using a qualitative, structured comparative case study design, it analyses legal frameworks, institutional architectures, funding mechanisms, and public engagement strategies across the five countries based on documentary analysis of legislation, policy frameworks, and peer-reviewed research. The analysis shows that all systems combine federal steering with subnational implementation. However, they vary significantly along four dimensions—centralization–decentralization, networked coordination, technological integration, and the role of volunteers and civil protection—resulting in distinct strengths and vulnerabilities. The study highlights transferable lessons for strengthening federal emergency management, including investing in multi-level resilience governance, institutionalized intergovernmental coordination, technology-enabled early warning, and sustained support for community-based and volunteer capacities.
- [Community-Driven Risk Assessment: Integrating Local Perceptions into Quantifiable Risk Weights Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Geographical Information System (GIS)](https://spsdrm.org/community-driven-risk-assessment-integrating-local-perceptions-into-quantifiable-risk-weights-using-analytical-hierarchy-process-ahp-geographical-information-system-gis/): This study integrates the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess community flood risk in Maidipur, Kurigram, Bangladesh an area frequently affected by monsoon flooding. By combining community-based hazard and vulnerability indicators and satellite-derived hydrological, meteorological, and geological data, the research develops a Community Risk Map to identify and categorize hazard-prone zones. Fourteen indicators were ranked and weighted using AHP to generate hazard and vulnerability indices, which were then spatially overlaid in GIS to produce a composite flood risk map. Network also applied to identify optimal evacuation routes and assembly points based on shortest time travel and distance, avoid risk zone. Traditionally, practitioners relied on community perception and a limited set of factors for risk mapping. This study advances that approach by aligning local knowledge with scientific analysis, achieving a high accuracy rate (96.88%) validated through field visits and community engagement... The findings offer evidence- based insights for flood preparedness, shelter placement, and community resilience planning under the Disaster Risk Management framework.

## Pages
- [Volume 1, Number 2](https://spsdrm.org/volume-1-number-2/): This study examines why flood early warning systems may fail to operate effectively during rapid-onset disasters. Drawing on examples from Cameron Highlands in Malaysia, North Kyushu in Japan, and Sri Lanka, the authors organize the major obstacles into three broad categories: knowledge-related, technological, and institutional barriers. The analysis highlights how weaknesses in information, technology, coordination, and implementation can delay warnings and reduce their practical value. The paper offers a structured perspective for improving the reliability and effectiveness of flood early warning systems.
- [Volume 1, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-1-number-1/): This paper examines stakeholder participation in social stability risk assessment for mega projects in China from a network perspective. Using content analysis, the authors construct affiliation networks for compulsory procedures in social stability risk assessment and test hypotheses concerning stakeholder participation. Singular value decomposition is also used to explore additional influential factors. The study contributes to understanding participatory decision-making within a complex political and administrative setting and offers practical implications for improving stakeholder involvement in mega-project risk assessment.
- [Volume 2, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-2-number-1/): This study estimates rainfall thresholds and the temporal probability of shallow landslide occurrence in landslide-prone parts of The Nilgiris District in the Western Ghats of India. A historical landslide inventory covering 1824–2018, detailed analysis of the 2009 landslides, and rainfall records from 37 rain-gauge stations were used to identify locations where rainfall-triggered failures are especially likely. Thresholds were estimated for 14 locations, while temporal probabilities were calculated for several return periods. The results provide a scientific basis for developing rainfall-based landslide early-warning systems in the region.
- [Volume 2, Number 2](https://spsdrm.org/volume-2-number-2/): This study examines the determinants of residents’ participation in disaster risk management in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Using a stratified sampling design covering island and mainland areas and a household questionnaire survey, it identifies differences in socioeconomic characteristics, disaster awareness, and training. Although many residents were aware of disaster risk management, relatively few had received formal training. Age, educational status, length of residence, and income were associated with participation, with age, education, and length of stay emerging as important predictors. The authors recommend stronger public awareness, training, institutional capacity, funding, and equipment for disaster-risk-management agencies.
- [Volume 3, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-3-number-1/): This study evaluates flood vulnerability across ten unions of Sirajganj Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh using the Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI). The analysis combines exposure, sensitivity, and resilience indicators across social, financial, environmental, and physical dimensions. Mechhra Union emerges as highly vulnerable because of low adaptive and coping capacity alongside high exposure and susceptibility. The resulting flood-risk zoning provides a practical basis for identifying priority areas and supporting targeted flood-risk-reduction and resilience measures.
- [Volume 3, Number 2](https://spsdrm.org/volume-3-number-2/): This article presents a methodology for automated monitoring of engineering load-bearing structures and natural hazards in order to improve the comprehensive safety of buildings and constructions. It focuses on the risk created by deterioration and loss of structural operability and describes monitoring as a means of detecting dangerous changes before they lead to emergency conditions, structural failure, casualties, or major losses. The proposed approach supports continuous assessment, early warning, and preventive action in facilities exposed to technical and natural hazards.
- [Volume 4, Number 2](https://spsdrm.org/volume-4-number-2/): This study evaluates implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) in public elementary schools in the Alfonso Lista District, Schools Division of Ifugao, Philippines. Thirty-six school heads and DRRM coordinators were surveyed using instruments based on the DepEd-DRRM Manual. The findings indicate strong implementation of safe learning facilities, school-based DRRM structures, and integration of DRRM into the curriculum. Preparedness of facilities was rated highly, while disaster-preparedness activities were still developing. DRRM implementation was significantly associated with preparedness, awareness, and understanding among school personnel.
- [Volume 4, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-4-number-1/): This qualitative study examines the experiences of Syrian refugees in Germany and Turkey, with particular attention to registration, education, health, and shelter services. Drawing on content analysis, literature, UNHCR materials, aid-agency reports, and news sources, the authors identify recurring difficulties faced by refugees in both host countries. The study concludes that although Germany and Turkey have provided extensive support, further improvement is needed in the accessibility and quality of essential services for displaced Syrians.
- [Volume 5, Number 2](https://spsdrm.org/volume-5-number-2/): This paper examines how culture, storytelling, folklore, art, music, literature, and collective memory can inform disaster preparedness and disaster risk reduction. Rather than relying only on top-down expert strategies, it explores how disaster-prone communities interpret hazards through local narratives and cultural practices. The analysis shows that storytelling and commemoration help communities contextualize disaster experience and suggests that disaster policy should be more attentive to place-specific history, indigenous knowledge, and cultural meaning.
- [Volume 5, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-5-number-1/): During the 2022 monsoon season, Dima Hasao District in Assam experienced a series of destructive landslides that damaged property and newly developed transport infrastructure. The study explains the event through a combination of natural susceptibility—including extreme monsoon rainfall, tectonic stress, and sedimentary geology—and human pressures associated with road and railway construction. It argues for a neo-deterministic approach that combines environmental understanding with practical countermeasures, stronger communication, government–community cooperation, and sustainable planning in landslide-prone areas.
- [Volume 6, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-6-number-1/): This case study examines cooperation between volunteer fire brigades and Hungary’s centralized professional disaster-management authority. Based on policy documents, key-informant interviews, and freedom-of-information data, it shows that volunteer units make an important contribution to local safety and resilience, while demographic pressures, social change, and policy contradictions create sustainability challenges. The study adds evidence on how localized volunteer associations can function within a strongly centralized fire-safety system.
- [Volume 6, Number 2](https://spsdrm.org/volume-6-number-2/): This study examines collaboration between civilian and religious authorities in providing psychosocial support after the 2014 floods in the Sava, Vrbas, and Vrbanja River Basins in the Republic of Srpska / Bosnia and Herzegovina. Surveys with 275 residents and interviews with civil and religious authorities reveal mutual willingness to cooperate but a persistent reluctance by either side to initiate collaboration. The findings emphasize clearer roles, stronger communication channels, proactive engagement, and institutionalized civilian–religious partnerships to improve disaster response and community resilience.
- [Volume 7, Number 2](https://spsdrm.org/volume-7-number-2/): This study maps flood susceptibility in Morocco’s Bouarfa watershed by integrating GIS, multi-criteria decision analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. Seven conditioning factors were weighted and spatially combined; the resulting model classified most of the watershed as high to very high risk and achieved strong validation performance, supporting land-use planning and flood-risk mitigation.
- [Volume 7, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-7-number-1/): This study uses Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to identify communities, buildings, households, and population groups exposed to flooding downstream of the Kubanni Dam. The analysis identifies Tudun Jukun, Gyallesu, Tudun Wada, Hanwa, Sabon Gari, Zango, and the Government Reserved Area among the locations at greatest risk. The findings demonstrate the value of GIS-based flood-risk and vulnerability analysis for physical planning, preparedness, and disaster risk reduction.
- [Volume 8, Number 1](https://spsdrm.org/volume-8-number-1/): International Journal of Disaster Risk Management Volume 8 · Number 1 2026 · International Journal of Disaster Risk Management Vol. 8, No. 1 (2026) is published using a rolling (continuous) publication model. Articles are published online individually as soon as they successfully complete double-blind peer review and the full production workflow (copyediting, typesetting/layout, and final proofing). This issue will be updated continuously until it is formally closed, ensuring that new research becomes available to readers without unnecessary delay. We invite you to visit this page regularly to follow the latest publications as they appear. Call for authors: IJDRM welcomes high-quality original research, reviews, and practice-oriented contributions across the full disaster risk management cycle—prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation—covering natural hazards, technological hazards, complex emergencies, and emerging risks. Authors are warmly encouraged to submit their manuscripts via the journal’s online system; accepted articles are published promptly under this continuous publication model. ● Published: 15 January 2026 26 Articles 538 Pages Vol. 8 Volume Open Access Table of Contents Articles ⌕ Showing all 26 articles 01 Leveraging Social Media and Mobile Technology for Disaster Communication in Nigeria Daniel Yamah, Tayo Folorunsho Pages 1–30 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 02 Tracing Forty Years of Research on the Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Trends, Themes, and Future Directions Adarsh Thankappan, Haneena Sulthana Kuzhichalil Ponnambath Pages 31–54 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 03 Beyond the Original BRIC Model: Gaps, Limitations, and Adaptation of Community Resilience Indicators for Local Contexts Dalibor Milenković, Vladimir Cvetković, Hatidža Beriša, Vladimir Jakovljević, Jasmina Gačić, Vanja Cvetković Pages 55–76 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 04 Terrorism and Destructive Cults as Sources of Societal Disruption: Conceptual Delineation for Effective Risk Management Marko Gnjatović, Slađan Milosavljević, Miraš Milašinović, Milica Bošković, Nenad Putnik, Emilia Alaverdov, Miranda Gurgenidze Pages 77–90 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 05 Disaster Recovery and Data Integrity in Odisha: Institutional Corruption, Crop Loss Mismatches, and the Case for District-Level Destruction Scorecards Jeevan Nayak, Manas Ranjan Nayak Pages 91–102 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 06 Site Suitability of Evacuation Centers in Zamboanga City, Philippines using GIS: Assessing Safety and Accessibility in Hazard-Prone Areas Mary Joanne C. Aniñon, Andres Winston C. Oreta Pages 103–130 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 07 Strategic Risks of AI-Enabled Automation: Implications for Crisis Management and Systemic Resilience Dejan Vuletić Pages 131–146 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 08 Regulating Emerging Technologies in Disaster Management: A Comparative Analysis of Security Governance and Legal Liability in India and Serbia Manindra Singh Hanspal, Vladimir M. Cvetković, Milan Lipovac, Dejana Jovanović Popović Pages 147–162 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 09 Volunteer-led emergency flood response in Bangladesh: Evidence for strengthening disaster-risk governance Meherjan Islam, Md. Abidul Islam, Farzana Afroj, Afra Adiba Islam, Onamika Karmakar, Abdullah Al Mahmud Nayem, Md. Ahasanul Hoque Pages 163–182 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 10 Spatiotemporal Patterns of Cancer among Women in Central Serbia: Relevance for Risk-Informed Health Planning Emina Kričković, Tin Lukić, Vladimir M. Cvetković, Zoran Kričković Pages 183–200 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 11 Unveiling An Efficient Framework for Predicting Flood Risk Areas, Using Earth Observatory Data, Google Earth Engine, and Multicriteria Decision Making-Analytical Hierarchy Process Ishaku Bashir Yakubu, Sheikh D. Abubakar, Solomon Ndace Jiya, Yakubu Muhammad, Aisha Yakubu Aliyu Pages 201–228 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 12 Exploring Non-Structural Flood Risk Management Measures in Haor Areas of Sunamganj, Bangladesh Hajera Aktar Aktar, Syeda Ismat Ara Jahan, Md Rakib Mia, Habibur Rahman Masrur Pages 229–238 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 13 Operational Capabilities in Disaster Emergency Management of Bureau of Fire Protection Personnel in Camarines Norte, Philippines Mark Anthony R. Pimentel, Maria Cristina C. Azuelo Pages 239–256 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 14 Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptive Strategies Assessment of Farmers Living in Rajapur Municipality, Bardiya, Nepal Prajun Chapagain, Ram Asheshwar Mandal, Ajay Bhakta Mathema, Sudip Pandey, Sewak Bhatta Pages 257–276 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 15 A Comprehensive Assessment of Mining Accident Severity Using Machine Learning Methods Irshad Ahmad, Ajay Kumar Gupta Pages 277–292 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 16 Fire Protection of Religious Buildings in Serbia: Challenges, Risks, and Improvement Measures Željko Lazić, Kristijan Đujić, Miraš Milašinović Pages 293–304 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 17 Structural Vulnerability Assessment of Residential Buildings to Windstorm Hazard with Impact Analysis on Forest Stands: A Case Study from Vojvodina, Serbia Lazar Jeftic, Vladimir Višacki, Srdjan Stojnić, Dejan B. Stojanovic, Lazar Kesić, Bratislav Matović, Saša Orlović Pages 305–330 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 18 Recurrent Urban Flooding in Nairobi City: A Systematic Review of Environmental Determinants, Public Health Impacts and Policy Gaps Henry Koech Pages 331–366 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 19 Institutionalizing Disaster Risk Reduction in Fragile States: Local Governance Capacity, Conflict Insecurity, and Community Resilience in Lower Juba, Somalia Akaninyene Unaam Pages 367–384 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 20 Policy, Risk and Innovation: A Mixed-Methods Framework for Using AI to Foster Inclusion in Marginalized Communities in Bangladesh Ritesh Karmaker, Vladimir M. Cvetković Pages 385–408 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 21 Beyond the Floodwaters: Unraveling the Deep-Rooted Causes of Educational Exclusion in Haor Communities in Bangladesh Mohammad Fakhrus Salam, Shimul Gope, Sharmin Akter Pages 409–422 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 22 Assessing Disaster Risk and Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Agriculture: Evidence from Chandradip Union of Bauphal Upazila, Bangladesh Md. Faisal, Imran Hawladar, Vladimir Cvetković Pages 423–444 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 23 Insurance as a Model for Protecting the Economic System from Natural Disasters Luka Baturan, Goran Milošević, Cvjetana Cvjetković Ivetić Pages 445–464 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 24 Assessing Local Disaster Governance in Coastal Bangladesh: Comparing Institutional and Community Perspectives on Disaster Management Committees Shah Taimur Rahaman Tamim, Md. Faisal, Milton Kumar Saha, Joy Boiddho, Vladimir M. Cvetković Pages 465–486 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 25 Administrative Risks and Logistics Supply Challenges in Gaza Shelter Centers During the 2023–2026 Conflict Mohammed Mohammed A. El-Mougher, Ahmad A. Abu Zaydah Pages 487–510 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation 26 Beyond Platform Type: Effects of Vegetation Density, Sensor Modality, and Search Strategy on Aerial Search and Rescue Performance Andreas A. Nilsen, Tale R. Størdal, Vegard Johansen, Jørgen L.H. Ronge, Eyvind Grytting Pages 511–538 2026 Open Access View Article PDF Copy Citation No articles found. Try another title, author, or keyword. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management Volume 8 · Number 1 · 2026 · Open Access View Original Issue → Citation copied to clipboard
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- [President – Prof. Dr. Vladimir M. Cvetković](https://spsdrm.org/prof-dr-vladimir-m-cvetkovic-disaster-risk-management-faculty-of-security-studies-university-of-belgrade-technical-university-of-leoben-austria/): Prof. Dr. Vladimir M. Cvetković is a Full Professor at the Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade. His academic and professional work focuses on disaster risk management, civil protection, community resilience, security risks, natural and anthropogenic disasters, environmental security and climate-related risks.
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- [Research Projects](https://spsdrm.org/research-projects-2/): Explore 100 selected SPS-DRM research projects, empirical studies, applied research streams, educational initiatives and knowledge-development activities.
- [Flyers](https://spsdrm.org/flyers/): Explore selected promotional and event materials published by the Scientific-Professional Society for Disaster Risk Management.
- [Brochure](https://spsdrm.org/brosure/): Develop journals, books, brochures and other resources that disseminate disaster-risk knowledge.
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- [Online courses](https://spsdrm.org/online-courses/): Another crucial objective is raising public awareness. SPS-DRM develops and executes campaigns, programs, and plans to enhance public understanding of the necessity for improved disaster preparedness. This includes educating the public on best practices and safety measures. Furthermore, the Society organizes national and international scientific conferences on disaster risk management, providing a platform for knowledge exchange and networking among professionals. Conducting expert risk assessments and developing protection and rescue plans for emergency situations are also vital goals. These activities ensure that there are robust plans in place to mitigate the impact of disasters. Moreover, SPS-DRM is committed to organizing and conducting various forms of training, courses, seminars, and other educational activities for citizens, students, and employees in interested institutions. These programs are designed to enhance skills and knowledge in disaster risk management. Lastly, the Society performs other tasks in accordance with the law and its Statute, ensuring compliance and alignment with broader regulatory and organizational frameworks. Through these comprehensive efforts, SPS-DRM aims to significantly contribute to the field of disaster risk management and improve community resilience.
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- [Announced training sessions](https://spsdrm.org/announced-training-sessions/): U organizaciji Naučno-stručnog društva za upravljanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama planirana je realizacija Druge nacionalne bezbednosne obuke za mlade iz oblasti vanrednih situacija. Planirano je da se obuka održi u prolećnom periodu između marta i aprila 2024. godine shodno Elaboratu Druge nacionalne bezbednosne obuke iz oblasti vanrednih situacija. U narednom periodu biće data odgovarajuća obaveštenja i pozivi za instruktore, predavače i polaznike obuke.
- [Training program](https://spsdrm.org/training-program/): Teškoće u funkcionisanju društva za vreme vanrednih situacija uslovlјavaju preduzimanje strukturalnih i nestrukturalnih mera kako bi se ublažile posledice takvih događaja. U jednu od značajnijih nestrukturalnih mera ublažavanja posledica vanrednih situacija svakako spada edukacija i sprovođenje permanentnih obuka stanovništva. Dakle, lјudima ne preostaje samo da čekaju i da se bore sa posledicama katastrofa, oni mogu primeniti mere koje će ublažiti rizik od katastrofa. Upravo zato, obuke mogu u velikoj meri doprineti stvaranju otpornije lokalne zajednice na vanredne situacije. U aktuelnoj zakonskoj regulativi, naglašava se da se radi sticanja potrebnih znanja iz oblasti lične i kolektivne zaštite, građani obučavaju i osposoblјavaju za preventivu zaštitu i spasavanje. Nadalјe stoji da se obučavanje vrši u okviru osnovnog i srednjeg obrazovanja radi sticanja znanja o opasnostima od prirodnih i drugih katastrofa i zaštiti od njih, u skladu sa posebnim zakonom i odgovarajućim programom. Upravo zato, neformalno obrazovanje koje se sprovodi kroz aktivnosti kao što su kursevi, seminari, predavanja, konferencije, radionice, razni tipovi treninga, kao i volontiranje predstavlјa značajnu komponentu smanjenja rizika od vanrednih situacija. Obuke građana zapravo predstavlјaju priliku za testiranje samog modela upravlјanja u vanrednim situacijama.
- [Registration of Lecturers](https://spsdrm.org/registration-of-lecturers/): Naučno-stručno društvo za upravlјanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama (https://spsdrm.org/) i Međunarodni institut za istraživanje katastrofa (https://spsdrm.org/medjunarodni-institut-za-istrazivanje-katastrofa/) u Beogradu organizuju Drugi nacionalni seminar za mlade iz oblasti – Upravlјanja rizicima u vanrednim situacijama.
- [Participant registration](https://spsdrm.org/participant-registration/): Naučno-stručno društvo za upravlјanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama (https://spsdrm.org/) i Međunarodni institut za istraživanje katastrofa (https://spsdrm.org/medjunarodni-institut-za-istrazivanje-katastrofa/) u Beogradu organizuju Drugi nacionalni seminar za mlade iz oblasti – Upravlјanja rizicima u vanrednim situacijama.
- [Scientific papers](https://spsdrm.org/scientific-papers/)
- [Professional reports and analyses](https://spsdrm.org/professional-reports-and-analyses/)
- [International databases](https://spsdrm.org/international-databases/): Centar za istraživanje epidemioloških katastrofa (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters – CRED), u saradnji sa Svetskom zdravstvenom organizacijom, formirao je i aktivno ažurirao bazu podataka o katastrofama 1988. godine. Baza je uspostavlјena s cilјem unapređivanja humanitarnih aktivnosti na nacionalnom i međunarodnom nivou, u smislu pružanja podrške odlučivanju o pripremlјenosti za katastrofe, kao i o ugroženosti i drugim aspektima upravlјanja rizicima od katastrofa (CRED, 2003). Da bi se neki događaj registrovao u bazu podataka, potrebno je da ispunjava sledeće uslove: a) smrtno stradalo deset i više lјudi (broj lјudi čija je smrt potvrđena i broj nestalih za koje se pretpostavlјa da su umrli); b) pogođeno 100 i više lјudi (broj lјudi koji zahteva hitnu pomoć tokom i posle katastrofe, uklјučujući i one razmeštene ili evakuisane, odnosno broj onih kojima je potreban hitan smeštaj jer su ostali bez doma); v) proglašeno stanje katastrofe i g) upućen poziv za pružanje međunarodne pomoći. U bazi podataka se nalaze i podaci o ukupnoj materijalnoj šteti prouzrokovanoj katastrofama, na osnovu kojih se obezbeđuje globalni prikaz ekonomskog uticaja različitih katastrofa.
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- [Training and Workshops](https://spsdrm.org/training-and-workshops/): SPS-DRM education connects scientific knowledge with practical preparedness through field training, seminars, workshops, online courses, case-based learning and professional development in disaster risk management, emergency response and community resilience.
- [Seminar](https://spsdrm.org/seminar/): SPS-DRM national seminars connect students, young professionals, researchers and practitioners with leading experts from emergency management, civil protection, security, defence, academia and specialist protection-and-rescue institutions.
- [Society secretariat](https://spsdrm.org/society-secretariat/): The Secretariat supports the Society’s organizational, research, publishing, promotional, and professional activities across disaster risk management, resilience, education, and public engagement.
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- [Prijava za Seminar](https://spsdrm.org/?p=5377)